Abstract
Butyrate is a metabolite of short chain fatty acid by the gut microbiota in large intestine. Butyrate is main energy source for enterocyte regeneration and modulates the enteric microbial community and contributes to impact on intestinal health and host well-being with its beneficial activity in inflammation and neurological disorders. The gut microbiome has played a crucial role in the multi-directional gut-brain axis that integrates the gut and central nerve system activities, and thus a concept of microbiome-gut-brain axis is emerging. In this review, we describe the putative efficacy of gut butyrate to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and exhibit a case report of ASD patient with aloe vera juice adjuvant.
Keywords: Immune Modulation; Endophytically Fermented Aloe Butyrate; Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis; Autism Spectrum Disorders; A Case Report
References
- Sivaprakasam S., et al. “Short chain fatty acid transfers: Role in colonic homeostasis”. Comprehensive Physiology 8.1 (2017): 299-314.
- Kang DW., et al. “Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study”. Microbiome 5 (2017): 10.
- Kang DW., et al. “Long-term benefit of microbiota transfer therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota”. Scientific Reports 9 (2019): 5821.
- Kang DW., et al. “Differences in fecal microbial metabolites and microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorders”. Anaerobe 49 (2018): 121-131.
- Xu M., et al. “Association between gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Front Psychiatry 10 (2019): 473.
- Adams JB., et al. “Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism: comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity”. BMC Gastroenterology 11 (2011): 22.
- Coretti L., et al. “Gut microbiota features in young children with autism spectrum disorders”. Frontiers in Microbiology 10 (2019): 920.
- Sun H., et al. “Autism spectrum disorder is associated with gut microbiota disorder in children”. BMC Pediatrics 19.1 (2019): 516.
- Rose S., et al. “Mitochondrial dysfunction in the gastrointestinal mucosa of children with autism: A blinded case-control study”. Plos one 12.10 (2017): e0186377.
- Rose S., et al. “Butyrate enhances mitochondrial function during oxidative stress in cell lines from boys with autism”. Translational Psychiatry 8 (2018): 42.
- Anderson G. “Gut dysbiosis dysregulates central and systemic homeostasis via decreased melatonin and suboptimal mitochondria functioning: pathoetiological and pathophysiological implications”. Melatonin Research 2.2 (2019): 70-85.
- Srikantha P and Mohajeri MH. “The possible role of the microbiota-gut-brain-axis in autism spectrum disorder”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20.9 (2019): 2115.
- Mohajeri MH., et al. “Relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function”. Nutrition Reviews 76 (2018): 481-496.
- A Yagi., et al. “Short chain fatty acids from fermentation by endophytic bacteria in Aloe vera leaf rind and gel”. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research 5.4 (2016): 2122-2124.
- A Yagi., et al. “Possible prophylaxes of Aloe vera gel ingestion to butyrate metabolism”. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research 5.5 (2016): 2158-2164.
- L Al-Madboly., et al. “Dietary cancer prevention with butyrate fermented by Aloe vera gel endophytic microbiota”. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research 6.2 (2017): 2312-2317.
- Raghavan R., et al. “Fetal and infancy growth pattern, cord and early childhood plasma leptin, and development of autism spectrum disorder in the Boston birth cohort”. Autism Research 11.10 (2018): 1416-1431.
- Liu S., et al. “Altered gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder”. Scientific Reports (2019).
- Xiang AH., et al. “Maternal type1 diabetes and risk of autism in offspring”. Journal of the American Medicine Association 320.1 (2018): 89-91.
- Xiang AH., et al. “Association of maternal diabetes with autism in offspring”. Journal of the American Medicine Association 313.14 (2015): 1425-1434.
- Xiang AH., et al. “Hemoglobin A1C levels during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring”. Journal of the American Medicine Association (2019).
- Cordero C., et al. “Maternal diabetes and hypertension disorders in association with autism spectrum disorder”. Autism Research 12.6 (2019): 967-975.
- Windham GC., et al. “Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain in relation to autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disorders in offspring”. Autism Research 12.2 (2019): 316-327.
- Grimald R., et al. “A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders”. Microbiome 6 (2018): 133.
- Sharon G., et al. “Human gut microbiota from autism spectrum disorders promotes behavioral symptoms in mice”. Cell 177.6 (2019): 1600-1618.
- J Ning., et al. “Increased serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in autism spectrum disorders”. Neuro Toxicology 71 (2019): 1-5.
- Enry D., et al. “Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS”. Nature Neuroscience 18.7 (2015): 965-977.
- Schulthess J., et al. “The short chain fatty acid butyrate imprints an antimicrobial program in macrophages”. Immunity 50.2 (2019): 432-445.e7.
- A Yagi and S Ataka. “Putative prophylaxes of Aloe vera juice with L-arginine to chronic fatigue syndrome”. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research 5.2 (2016): 1950-1956.
- A Yagi and S Ataka. “Possible prophylaxes of Aloe vera juice with CoQ10 to enhance muscle performance”. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research 5.3 (2016): 2043-2049.
- Hoirisch-Clapauch S and Nardi AE. “Autism spectrum disorders: let’s talk about glucose?”. Translational Psychiatry 9.1 (2019): 51.
Journal Menu
PubMed Indexed Article
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
LC-UV-MS and MS/MS Characterize Glutathione Reactivity with Different Isomers (2,2' and 2,4' vs. 4,4') of Methylene Diphenyl-Diisocyanate.
PMID: 31143884 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6536005
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.
PMID: 31565701 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6764777
EC Neurology
Differences in Rate of Cognitive Decline and Caregiver Burden between Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: a Retrospective Study.
PMID: 27747317 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5065347
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Will Blockchain Technology Transform Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences?
PMID: 31460519 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6711478
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Is it a Prime Time for AI-powered Virtual Drug Screening?
PMID: 30215059 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133253
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Analysis of Evidence for the Combination of Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220PAM) and Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder Relapse.
PMID: 30417173 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6226033
EC Anaesthesia
Arrest Under Anesthesia - What was the Culprit? A Case Report.
PMID: 30264037 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6155992
EC Orthopaedics
Distraction Implantation. A New Technique in Total Joint Arthroplasty and Direct Skeletal Attachment.
PMID: 30198026 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6124505
EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40-79: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012.
PMID: 30294723 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6169793
EC Dental Science
Important Dental Fiber-Reinforced Composite Molding Compound Breakthroughs
PMID: 29285526 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5743211
EC Microbiology
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among HIV Infected and HIV Uninfected Patients Treated at the 1o De Maio Health Centre in Maputo, Mozambique
PMID: 29911204 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5999047
EC Microbiology
Macrophages and the Viral Dissemination Super Highway
PMID: 26949751 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4774560
EC Microbiology
The Microbiome, Antibiotics, and Health of the Pediatric Population.
PMID: 27390782 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4933318
EC Microbiology
Reactive Oxygen Species in HIV Infection
PMID: 28580453 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5450819
EC Microbiology
A Review of the CD4 T Cell Contribution to Lung Infection, Inflammation and Repair with a Focus on Wheeze and Asthma in the Pediatric Population
PMID: 26280024 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4533840
EC Neurology
Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis
PMID: 28066845 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5214344
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology
PMID: 28936490 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5604476
EC Neurology
Examining those Meeting IOM Criteria Versus IOM Plus Fibromyalgia
PMID: 28713879 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5510658
EC Neurology
Unilateral Frontosphenoid Craniosynostosis: Case Report and a Review of the Literature
PMID: 28133641 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5267489
EC Ophthalmology
OCT-Angiography for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal and Vascular Structure in Mouse Retina: Implication for Characterization of Retinal Neurovascular Coupling
PMID: 29333536 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5766278
EC Neurology
Longer Duration of Downslope Treadmill Walking Induces Depression of H-Reflexes Measured during Standing and Walking.
PMID: 31032493 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6483108
EC Microbiology
Onchocerciasis in Mozambique: An Unknown Condition for Health Professionals.
PMID: 30957099 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6448571
EC Nutrition
Food Insecurity among Households with and without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia.
PMID: 30101228 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6086333
EC Ophthalmology
REVIEW. +2 to +3 D. Reading Glasses to Prevent Myopia.
PMID: 31080964 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6508883
EC Gynaecology
Biomechanical Mapping of the Female Pelvic Floor: Uterine Prolapse Versus Normal Conditions.
PMID: 31093608 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6513001
EC Dental Science
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Breakthrough in Practical Clinical Applications with Advanced Wear Resistance for Dental Materials.
PMID: 31552397 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6758937
EC Microbiology
Neurocysticercosis in Child Bearing Women: An Overlooked Condition in Mozambique and a Potentially Missed Diagnosis in Women Presenting with Eclampsia.
PMID: 31681909 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824723
EC Microbiology
Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.
PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824726
EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.
PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6746603
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?
PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6604646
EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.
PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6690616
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.
PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6741290
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.
PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6800226
EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.
PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5898812
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133268
News and Events
July Issue Release
We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the July issue of respective journals and the latest articles can be viewed on the current issue pages.
Submission Deadline for Upcoming Issue
ECronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the upcoming issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before July 18, 2022.
Certificate of Publication
ECronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.
Best Article of the Issue
Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.
Certifying for Review
ECronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.
Latest Articles
The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.