Abstract
Post-partum depression (PPD) is a clinical condition occurring in the weeks or months following delivery. This clinical condition is characterized by sad mood, anxiety, irritability, lack of positive emotions, loss of pleasure, interests and energy, decreased appetite, inability to cope, fear of hurting themselves and their baby, and suicidal thoughts. Postpartum depression (PPD) represents the most relevant psychic complication related to the puerperium. Although with wide variability [1], in the western world it is estimated that PPD affects about 10 - 15% of women who give birth [2].
The first weeks immediately after childbirth are the most critical, and although the increased vulnerability continues for the following six months [3,4], PPD generally occurs within the first four weeks after delivery [5].
Keywords: Post-Partum Depression (PPD); Labor; Delivery Experience; Nursing Care
References
- Schardosim JM and Heldt E. “Postpartum depression screening scales: a systematic review”. The Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem 1 (2011): 159-166.
- Breese McCoy SJ. “Postpartum depression: an essential overview for the practitioner”. Southern Medical Journal 2 (2011): 128-132.
- Cox JL., et al. “Controlled study of onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal depression”. British Journal of Medical Psychology 163 (1993): 27-31.
- Evans J., et al. “Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth”. British Medical Journal 323 (2001): 257-260.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”. 5th edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatry Publishing (2013).
- Smorti M., et al. “Maternal depressive symptomatology during pregnancy is a risk factor affecting newborn’s health: a longitudinal study”. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology4 (2019): 444-452.
- Van den Bergh BRH., et al. “Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review”. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 29 (2005): 237-258.
- Henderson JJ., et al. “Impact of postnatal depression on breastfeeding duration”. Birth 30 (2003): 175-180.
- Bagner DM., et al. “Effect of maternal depression on child behavior: a sensitive period?” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 49 (2010): 699-707.
- Glasheen C., et al. “A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children”. Archives of Women's Mental Health 13 (2010): 1-74.
- Satoh A., et al. “Factors associated with late post-partum depression in Japan”. Japan Journal of Nursing Science 6 (2009): 27-36.
- Zubaran C and Foresti K. “Investigating quality of life and depressive symptoms in the postpartum period”. Women Birth 1 (2011): 10-16.
- Munk-Olsen T., et al. “New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study”. The Journal of the American Medical Association 296 (2006): 2582-2589.
- Righetti-Veltema M., et al. “Postpartum depression and mother–infant relationship at 3 months old”. Journal of Affective Disorders 3 (2002): 291-306.
- Darvill R., et al. “Psychological factors that impact on women’s experiences of first-time motherhood: a qualitative study of the transition”. Midwifery 3 (2010): 357-366.
- Slade A., et al. “The psychology and psychopathology of pregnancy: reorganization and transformation”. In: Zeanah CH, editor. Handbook of Infant Mental Health, 3th ed. New York: The Gilford Press (2009): 22-39.
- Smorti M., et al. “A comprehensive analysis of post-partum depression risk factors: the role of socio-demographic, individual, relational, and delivery characteristics”. Frontiers in Public Health (2019).
- Balaj AB., et al. “Social support networks and maternal mental health and well-being”. Journal of Women's Health10 (2007): 1386-1396.
- Da Costa D., et al. “Psychosocial predictors of labor/delivery complications and infant birth weight: a prospective multivariate study”. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology3 (2000): 137-148.
- Ponti L., et al. “The relationship between romantic and prenatal maternal attachment: the moderating role of social support”. International Journal of Psychology (2020).
- Tani F and Castagna V. “Maternal social support, quality of birth experience, and post-partum depression in primiparous women”. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 6 (2016): 689-692.
- Siddiqui A and Hagglof B. “Does maternal attachment predict postnatal mother infant interaction?” Early Human Development2 (2000): 13-15.
- Laxton-Kane M and Shade P. “The role of maternal attachment in woman experience of pregnancy and implication for the process of care”. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology4 (2002): 253-266.
- Ponti L., et al. “Can a traumatic childbirth experience affect maternal psychopathology and postnatal attachment bond?” Current Psychology (2020): 1-6.
- Smorti M., et al. “The mother-child attachment bond before and after birth: the role of maternal perception of traumatic childbirth”. Early Human Development (2020): 142.
- Ponti L and Smorti M. “Mediating Role of Labor on the Relationship Between Prenatal Psychopathologic Symptoms and Symptoms of Postpartum Depression in Women Who Give Birth Vaginally”. Journal of Obstetric Gynecology and Neonatal Nursing6 (2019): 627-634.
- McCoy SJB., et al. “Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature”. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 106 (2006): 193-198.
- Porter CL and Hsu HC. “First-time mothers’ perceptions of efficacy during the transition to motherhood: Links to infant temperament”. Journal of Family Psychology 1 (2003): 54-64.
- Ross LE., et al. “Mood changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period: development of a biopsychosocial model”. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109 (2004): 457-466.
PubMed Indexed Article
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
LC-UV-MS and MS/MS Characterize Glutathione Reactivity with Different Isomers (2,2' and 2,4' vs. 4,4') of Methylene Diphenyl-Diisocyanate.
PMID: 31143884 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6536005
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.
PMID: 31565701 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6764777
EC Neurology
Differences in Rate of Cognitive Decline and Caregiver Burden between Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: a Retrospective Study.
PMID: 27747317 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5065347
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Will Blockchain Technology Transform Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences?
PMID: 31460519 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6711478
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Is it a Prime Time for AI-powered Virtual Drug Screening?
PMID: 30215059 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133253
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Analysis of Evidence for the Combination of Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220PAM) and Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder Relapse.
PMID: 30417173 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6226033
EC Anaesthesia
Arrest Under Anesthesia - What was the Culprit? A Case Report.
PMID: 30264037 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6155992
EC Orthopaedics
Distraction Implantation. A New Technique in Total Joint Arthroplasty and Direct Skeletal Attachment.
PMID: 30198026 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6124505
EC Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 40-79: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012.
PMID: 30294723 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6169793
EC Dental Science
Important Dental Fiber-Reinforced Composite Molding Compound Breakthroughs
PMID: 29285526 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5743211
EC Microbiology
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Among HIV Infected and HIV Uninfected Patients Treated at the 1o De Maio Health Centre in Maputo, Mozambique
PMID: 29911204 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5999047
EC Microbiology
Macrophages and the Viral Dissemination Super Highway
PMID: 26949751 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4774560
EC Microbiology
The Microbiome, Antibiotics, and Health of the Pediatric Population.
PMID: 27390782 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4933318
EC Microbiology
Reactive Oxygen Species in HIV Infection
PMID: 28580453 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5450819
EC Microbiology
A Review of the CD4 T Cell Contribution to Lung Infection, Inflammation and Repair with a Focus on Wheeze and Asthma in the Pediatric Population
PMID: 26280024 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC4533840
EC Neurology
Identifying Key Symptoms Differentiating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome from Multiple Sclerosis
PMID: 28066845 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5214344
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology
PMID: 28936490 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5604476
EC Neurology
Examining those Meeting IOM Criteria Versus IOM Plus Fibromyalgia
PMID: 28713879 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5510658
EC Neurology
Unilateral Frontosphenoid Craniosynostosis: Case Report and a Review of the Literature
PMID: 28133641 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5267489
EC Ophthalmology
OCT-Angiography for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Neuronal and Vascular Structure in Mouse Retina: Implication for Characterization of Retinal Neurovascular Coupling
PMID: 29333536 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5766278
EC Neurology
Longer Duration of Downslope Treadmill Walking Induces Depression of H-Reflexes Measured during Standing and Walking.
PMID: 31032493 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6483108
EC Microbiology
Onchocerciasis in Mozambique: An Unknown Condition for Health Professionals.
PMID: 30957099 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6448571
EC Nutrition
Food Insecurity among Households with and without Podoconiosis in East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia.
PMID: 30101228 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6086333
EC Ophthalmology
REVIEW. +2 to +3 D. Reading Glasses to Prevent Myopia.
PMID: 31080964 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6508883
EC Gynaecology
Biomechanical Mapping of the Female Pelvic Floor: Uterine Prolapse Versus Normal Conditions.
PMID: 31093608 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6513001
EC Dental Science
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Breakthrough in Practical Clinical Applications with Advanced Wear Resistance for Dental Materials.
PMID: 31552397 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6758937
EC Microbiology
Neurocysticercosis in Child Bearing Women: An Overlooked Condition in Mozambique and a Potentially Missed Diagnosis in Women Presenting with Eclampsia.
PMID: 31681909 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824723
EC Microbiology
Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique.
PMID: 31681910 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6824726
EC Neurology
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Cross-Talk in Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases.
PMID: 31528859 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6746603
EC Psychology and Psychiatry
Can Chronic Consumption of Caffeine by Increasing D2/D3 Receptors Offer Benefit to Carriers of the DRD2 A1 Allele in Cocaine Abuse?
PMID: 31276119 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6604646
EC Anaesthesia
Real Time Locating Systems and sustainability of Perioperative Efficiency of Anesthesiologists.
PMID: 31406965 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6690616
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
A Pilot STEM Curriculum Designed to Teach High School Students Concepts in Biochemical Engineering and Pharmacology.
PMID: 31517314 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6741290
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Toxic Mechanisms Underlying Motor Activity Changes Induced by a Mixture of Lead, Arsenic and Manganese.
PMID: 31633124 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6800226
EC Neurology
Research Volunteers' Attitudes Toward Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.
PMID: 29662969 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC5898812
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.
PMID: 30215058 [PubMed]
PMCID: PMC6133268
News and Events
May Issue Release
We always feel pleasure to share our updates with you all. Here, notifying you that we have successfully released the May issue of respective journals and the latest articles can be viewed on the current issue pages.
Submission Deadline for Upcoming Issue
ECronicon delightfully welcomes all the authors around the globe for effective collaboration with an article submission for the upcoming issue of respective journals. Submissions are accepted on/before May 25, 2022.
Certificate of Publication
ECronicon honors with a "Publication Certificate" to the corresponding author by including the names of co-authors as a token of appreciation for publishing the work with our respective journals.
Best Article of the Issue
Editors of respective journals will always be very much interested in electing one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of the selected article will be honored with a "Best Article of the Issue" certificate.
Certifying for Review
ECronicon certifies the Editors for their first review done towards the assigned article of the respective journals.
Latest Articles
The latest articles will be updated immediately on the articles in press page of the respective journals.